dpkg(1) package manager for Debian
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NAME dpkg - package manager for Debian SYNOPSIS dpkg [option...] action WARNING This manual is intended for users wishing to understand dpkg's command line options and package states in more detail than that provided by dpkg --help. It should not be used by package maintainers wishing to understand how dpkg will install their packages. The descriptions of what dpkg does when installing and removing packages are particularly inadequate. DESCRIPTION dpkg is a tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. The primary and more user-friendly front-end for dpkg is aptitude(1). dpkg itself is controlled entirely via command line parameters, which consist of exactly one action and zero or more options. The action- parameter tells dpkg what to do and options control the behavior of the action in some way. dpkg can also be used as a front-end to dpkg-deb(1) and dpkg-query(1). The list of supported actions can be found later on in the ACTIONS section. If any such action is encountered dpkg just runs dpkg-deb or dpkg-query with the parameters given to it, but no specific options are currently passed to them, to use any such option the back-ends need to be called directly. INFORMATION ABOUT PACKAGES dpkg maintains some usable information about available packages. The information is divided in three classes: states, selection states and flags. These values are intended to be changed mainly with dselect. Package states not-installed The package is not installed on your system. config-files Only the configuration files of the package exist on the system. half-installed The installation of the package has been started, but not completed for some reason. unpacked The package is unpacked, but not configured. half-configured The package is unpacked and configuration has been started, but not yet completed for some reason. triggers-awaited The package awaits trigger processing by another package. triggers-pending The package has been triggered. installed The package is correctly unpacked and configured. Package selection states install The package is selected for installation. hold A package marked to be on hold is not handled by dpkg, unless forced to do that with option --force-hold. deinstall The package is selected for deinstallation (i.e. we want to remove all files, except configuration files). purge The package is selected to be purged (i.e. we want to remove everything from system directories, even configuration files). Package flags reinst-required A package marked reinst-required is broken and requires reinstallation. These packages cannot be removed, unless forced with option --force-remove-reinstreq. ACTIONS -i, --install package-file... Install the package. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package-file must refer to a directory instead. Installation consists of the following steps: 1. Extract the control files of the new package. 2. If another version of the same package was installed before the new installation, execute prerm script of the old package. 3. Run preinst script, if provided by the package. 4. Unpack the new files, and at the same time back up the old files, so that if something goes wrong, they can be restored. 5. If another version of the same package was installed before the new installation, execute the postrm script of the old package. Note that this script is executed after the preinst script of the new package, because new files are written at the same time old files are removed. 6. Configure the package. See --configure for detailed information about how this is done. --unpack package-file... Unpack the package, but don't configure it. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package-file must refer to a directory instead. --configure package...|-a|--pending Configure a package which has been unpacked but not yet configured. If -a or --pending is given instead of package, all unpacked but unconfigured packages are configured. To reconfigure a package which has already been configured, try the dpkg-reconfigure(8) command instead. Configuring consists of the following steps: 1. Unpack the conffiles, and at the same time back up the old conffiles, so that they can be restored if something goes wrong. 2. Run postinst script, if provided by the package. --triggers-only package...|-a|--pending Processes only triggers (since dpkg 1.14.17). All pending triggers will be processed. If package names are supplied only those packages' triggers will be processed, exactly once each where necessary. Use of this option may leave packages in the improper triggers-awaited and triggers-pending states. This can be fixed later by running: dpkg --configure --pending. -r, --remove package...|-a|--pending Remove an installed package. This removes everything except conffiles, which may avoid having to reconfigure the package if it is reinstalled later (conffiles are configuration files that are listed in the DEBIAN/conffiles control file). If -a or --pending is given instead of a package name, then all packages unpacked, but marked to be removed in file /var/lib/dpkg/status, are removed. Removing of a package consists of the following steps: 1. Run prerm script 2. Remove the installed files 3. Run postrm script -P, --purge package...|-a|--pending Purge an installed or already removed package. This removes everything, including conffiles. If -a or --pending is given instead of a package name, then all packages unpacked or removed, but marked to be purged in file /var/lib/dpkg/status, are purged. Note: some configuration files might be unknown to dpkg because they are created and handled separately through the configuration scripts. In that case, dpkg won't remove them by itself, but the package's postrm script (which is called by dpkg), has to take care of their removal during purge. Of course, this only applies to files in system directories, not configuration files written to individual users' home directories. Purging of a package consists of the following steps: 1. Remove the package, if not already removed. See --remove for detailed information about how this is done. 2. Run postrm script. -V, --verify [package-name...] Verifies the integrity of package-name or all packages if omitted, by comparing information from the files installed by a package with the files metadata information stored in the dpkg database (since dpkg 1.17.2). The origin of the files metadata information in the database is the binary packages themselves. That metadata gets collected at package unpack time during the installation process. Currently the only functional check performed is an md5sum verification of the file contents against the stored value in the files database. It will only get checked if the database contains the file md5sum. To check for any missing metadata in the database, the --audit command can be used. The output format is selectable with the --verify-format option, which by default uses the rpm format, but that might change in the future, and as such, programs parsing this command output should be explicit about the format they expect. --update-avail [Packages-file] --merge-avail [Packages-file] Update dpkg's and dselect's idea of which packages are available. With action --merge-avail, old information is combined with information from Packages-file. With action --update-avail, old information is replaced with the information in the Packages-file. The Packages-file distributed with Debian is simply named Packages. If the Packages-file argument is missing or named - then it will be read from standard input (since dpkg 1.17.7). dpkg keeps its record of available packages in /var/lib/dpkg/available. A simpler one-shot command to retrieve and update the available file is dselect update. Note that this file is mostly useless if you don't use dselect but an APT-based frontend: APT has its own system to keep track of available packages. -A, --record-avail package-file... Update dpkg and dselect's idea of which packages are available with information from the package package-file. If --recursive or -R option is specified, package-file must refer to a directory instead. --forget-old-unavail Now obsolete and a no-op as dpkg will automatically forget uninstalled unavailable packages (since dpkg 1.15.4). --clear-avail Erase the existing information about what packages are available. -C, --audit [package-name...] Performs database sanity and consistency checks for package-name or all packages if omitted (per package checks since dpkg 1.17.10). For example, searches for packages that have been installed only partially on your system or that have missing, wrong or obsolete control data or files. dpkg will suggest what to do with them to get them fixed. --get-selections [package-name-pattern...] Get list of package selections, and write it to stdout. Without a pattern, non-installed packages (i.e. those which have been previously purged) will not be shown. --set-selections Set package selections using file read from stdin. This file should be in the format “package state”, where state is one of install, hold, deinstall or purge. Blank lines and comment lines beginning with ‘#’ are also permitted. The available file needs to be up-to-date for this command to be useful, otherwise unknown packages will be ignored with a warning. See the --update-avail and --merge-avail commands for more information. --clear-selections Set the requested state of every non-essential package to deinstall (since dpkg 1.13.18). This is intended to be used immediately before --set-selections, to deinstall any packages not in list given to --set-selections. --yet-to-unpack Searches for packages selected for installation, but which for some reason still haven't been installed. --predep-package Print a single package which is the target of one or more relevant pre-dependencies and has itself no unsatisfied pre- dependencies. If such a package is present, output it as a Packages file entry, which can be massaged as appropriate. Returns 0 when a package is printed, 1 when no suitable package is available and 2 on error. --add-architecture architecture Add architecture to the list of architectures for which packages can be installed without using --force-architecture (since dpkg 1.16.2). The architecture dpkg is built for (i.e. the output of --print-architecture) is always part of that list. --remove-architecture architecture Remove architecture from the list of architectures for which packages can be installed without using --force-architecture (since dpkg 1.16.2). If the architecture is currently in use in the database then the operation will be refused, except if --force-architecture is specified. The architecture dpkg is built for (i.e. the output of --print-architecture) can never be removed from that list. --print-architecture Print architecture of packages dpkg installs (for example, “i386”). --print-foreign-architectures Print a newline-separated list of the extra architectures dpkg is configured to allow packages to be installed for (since dpkg 1.16.2). --assert-feature Asserts that dpkg supports the requested feature. Returns 0 if the feature is fully supported, 1 if the feature is known but dpkg cannot provide support for it yet, and 2 if the feature is unknown. The current list of assertable features is: support-predepends Supports the Pre-Depends field (since dpkg 1.1.0). working-epoch Supports epochs in version strings (since dpkg 1.4.0.7). long-filenames Supports long filenames in deb(5) archives (since dpkg 1.4.1.17). multi-conrep Supports multiple Conflicts and Replaces (since dpkg 1.4.1.19). multi-arch Supports multi-arch fields and semantics (since dpkg 1.16.2). versioned-provides Supports versioned Provides (since dpkg 1.17.11). --compare-versions ver1 op ver2 Compare version numbers, where op is a binary operator. dpkg returns success (zero result) if the specified condition is satisfied, and failure (nonzero result) otherwise. There are two groups of operators, which differ in how they treat an empty ver1 or ver2. These treat an empty version as earlier than any version: lt le eq ne ge gt. These treat an empty version as later than any version: lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl. These are provided only for compatibility with control file syntax: < << <= = >= >> >. The < and > operators are obsolete and should not be used, due to confusing semantics. To illustrate: 0.1 < 0.1 evaluates to true. -?, --help Display a brief help message. --force-help Give help about the --force-thing options. -Dh, --debug=help Give help about debugging options. --version Display dpkg version information. dpkg-deb actions See dpkg-deb(1) for more information about the following actions. -b, --build directory [archive|directory] Build a deb package. -c, --contents archive List contents of a deb package. -e, --control archive [directory] Extract control-information from a package. -x, --extract archive directory Extract the files contained by package. -X, --vextract archive directory Extract and display the filenames contained by a package. -f, --field archive [control-field...] Display control field(s) of a package. --ctrl-tarfile archive Output the control tar-file contained in a Debian package. --fsys-tarfile archive Output the filesystem tar-file contained by a Debian package. -I, --info archive [control-file...] Show information about a package. dpkg-query actions See dpkg-query(1) for more information about the following actions. -l, --list package-name-pattern... List packages matching given pattern. -s, --status package-name... Report status of specified package. -L, --listfiles package-name... List files installed to your system from package-name. -S, --search filename-search-pattern... Search for a filename from installed packages. -p, --print-avail package-name... Display details about package-name, as found in /var/lib/dpkg/available. Users of APT-based frontends should use apt-cache show package-name instead. OPTIONS All options can be specified both on the command line and in the dpkg configuration file /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg or fragment files (with names matching this shell pattern '[0-9a-zA-Z_-]*') on the configuration directory /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/. Each line in the configuration file is either an option (exactly the same as the command line option but without leading hyphens) or a comment (if it starts with a #). --abort-after=number Change after how many errors dpkg will abort. The default is 50. -B, --auto-deconfigure When a package is removed, there is a possibility that another installed package depended on the removed package. Specifying this option will cause automatic deconfiguration of the package which depended on the removed package. -Doctal, --debug=octal Switch debugging on. octal is formed by bitwise-orring desired values together from the list below (note that these values may change in future releases). -Dh or --debug=help display these debugging values. Number Description 1 Generally helpful progress information 2 Invocation and status of maintainer scripts 10 Output for each file processed 100 Lots of output for each file processed 20 Output for each configuration file 200 Lots of output for each configuration file 40 Dependencies and conflicts 400 Lots of dependencies/conflicts output 10000 Trigger activation and processing 20000 Lots of output regarding triggers 40000 Silly amounts of output regarding triggers 1000 Lots of drivel about e.g. the dpkg/info dir 2000 Insane amounts of drivel --force-things --no-force-things, --refuse-things Force or refuse (no-force and refuse mean the same thing) to do some things. things is a comma separated list of things specified below. --force-help displays a message describing them. Things marked with (*) are forced by default. Warning: These options are mostly intended to be used by experts only. Using them without fully understanding their effects may break your whole system. all: Turns on (or off) all force options. downgrade(*): Install a package, even if newer version of it is already installed. Warning: At present dpkg does not do any dependency checking on downgrades and therefore will not warn you if the downgrade breaks the dependency of some other package. This can have serious side effects, downgrading essential system components can even make your whole system unusable. Use with care. configure-any: Configure also any unpacked but unconfigured packages on which the current package depends. hold: Process packages even when marked “hold”. remove-reinstreq: Remove a package, even if it's broken and marked to require reinstallation. This may, for example, cause parts of the package to remain on the system, which will then be forgotten by dpkg. remove-essential: Remove, even if the package is considered essential. Essential packages contain mostly very basic Unix commands. Removing them might cause the whole system to stop working, so use with caution. depends: Turn all dependency problems into warnings. depends-version: Don't care about versions when checking dependencies. breaks: Install, even if this would break another package (since dpkg 1.14.6). conflicts: Install, even if it conflicts with another package. This is dangerous, for it will usually cause overwriting of some files. confmiss: If a conffile is missing and the version in the package did change, always install the missing conffile without prompting. This is dangerous, since it means not preserving a change (removing) made to the file. confnew: If a conffile has been modified and the version in the package did change, always install the new version without prompting, unless the --force-confdef is also specified, in which case the default action is preferred. confold: If a conffile has been modified and the version in the package did change, always keep the old version without prompting, unless the --force-confdef is also specified, in which case the default action is preferred. confdef: If a conffile has been modified and the version in the package did change, always choose the default action without prompting. If there is no default action it will stop to ask the user unless --force-confnew or --force-confold is also been given, in which case it will use that to decide the final action. confask: If a conffile has been modified always offer to replace it with the version in the package, even if the version in the package did not change (since dpkg 1.15.8). If any of --force-confmiss, --force-confnew, --force-confold, or --force-confdef is also given, it will be used to decide the final action. overwrite: Overwrite one package's file with another's file. overwrite-dir: Overwrite one package's directory with another's file. overwrite-diverted: Overwrite a diverted file with an undiverted version. unsafe-io: Do not perform safe I/O operations when unpacking (since dpkg 1.15.8.6). Currently this implies not performing file system syncs before file renames, which is known to cause substantial performance degradation on some file systems, unfortunately the ones that require the safe I/O on the first place due to their unreliable behaviour causing zero-length files on abrupt system crashes. Note: For ext4, the main offender, consider using instead the mount option nodelalloc, which will fix both the performance degradation and the data safety issues, the latter by making the file system not produce zero-length files on abrupt system crashes with any software not doing syncs before atomic renames. Warning: Using this option might improve performance at the cost of losing data, use with care. architecture: Process even packages with wrong or no architecture. bad-version: Process even packages with wrong versions (since dpkg 1.16.1). bad-path: PATH is missing important programs, so problems are likely. not-root: Try to (de)install things even when not root. bad-verify: Install a package even if it fails authenticity check. --ignore-depends=package,... Ignore dependency-checking for specified packages (actually, checking is performed, but only warnings about conflicts are given, nothing else). --no-act, --dry-run, --simulate Do everything which is supposed to be done, but don't write any changes. This is used to see what would happen with the specified action, without actually modifying anything. Be sure to give --no-act before the action-parameter, or you might end up with undesirable results. (e.g. dpkg --purge foo --no-act will first purge package foo and then try to purge package --no-act, even though you probably expected it to actually do nothing) -R, --recursive Recursively handle all regular files matching pattern *.deb found at specified directories and all of its subdirectories. This can be used with -i, -A, --install, --unpack and --avail actions. -G Don't install a package if a newer version of the same package is already installed. This is an alias of --refuse-downgrade. --admindir=dir Change default administrative directory, which contains many files that give information about status of installed or uninstalled packages, etc. (Defaults to /var/lib/dpkg) --instdir=dir Change default installation directory which refers to the directory where packages are to be installed. instdir is also the directory passed to chroot(2) before running package's installation scripts, which means that the scripts see instdir as a root directory. (Defaults to /) --root=dir Changing root changes instdir to dir and admindir to dir/var/lib/dpkg. -O, --selected-only Only process the packages that are selected for installation. The actual marking is done with dselect or by dpkg, when it handles packages. For example, when a package is removed, it will be marked selected for deinstallation. -E, --skip-same-version Don't install the package if the same version of the package is already installed. --pre-invoke=command --post-invoke=command Set an invoke hook command to be run via “sh -c” before or after the dpkg run for the unpack, configure, install, triggers-only, remove, purge, add-architecture and remove-architecture dpkg actions (since dpkg 1.15.4; add-architecture and remove-architecture actions since dpkg 1.17.19). This option can be specified multiple times. The order the options are specified is preserved, with the ones from the configuration files taking precedence. The environment variable DPKG_HOOK_ACTION is set for the hooks to the current dpkg action. Note: front-ends might call dpkg several times per invocation, which might run the hooks more times than expected. --path-exclude=glob-pattern --path-include=glob-pattern Set glob-pattern as a path filter, either by excluding or re- including previously excluded paths matching the specified patterns during install (since dpkg 1.15.8). Warning: take into account that depending on the excluded paths you might completely break your system, use with caution. The glob patterns use the same wildcards used in the shell, were ‘*’ matches any sequence of characters, including the empty string and also ‘/’. For example, «/usr/*/READ*» matches «/usr/share/doc/package/README». As usual, ‘?’ matches any single character (again, including ‘/’). And ‘[’ starts a character class, which can contain a list of characters, ranges and complementations. See glob(7) for detailed information about globbing. Note: the current implementation might re-include more directories and symlinks than needed, to be on the safe side and avoid possible unpack failures, future work might fix this. This can be used to remove all paths except some particular ones; a typical case is: --path-exclude=/usr/share/doc/* --path-include=/usr/share/doc/*/copyright to remove all documentation files except the copyright files. These two options can be specified multiple times, and interleaved with each other. Both are processed in the given order, with the last rule that matches a file name making the decision. --verify-format format-name Sets the output format for the --verify command (since dpkg 1.17.2). The only currently supported output format is rpm, which consists of a line for every path that failed any check. The lines start with 9 characters to report each specific check result, a ‘?’ implies the check could not be done (lack of support, file permissions, etc), ‘.’ implies the check passed, and an alphanumeric character implies a specific check failed; the md5sum verification failure (the file contents have changed) is denoted with a ‘5’ on the third character. The line is followed by a space and an attribute character (currently ‘c’ for conffiles), another space and the pathname. --status-fd n Send machine-readable package status and progress information to file descriptor n. This option can be specified multiple times. The information is generally one record per line, in one of the following forms: status: package: status Package status changed; status is as in the status file. status: package : error : extended-error-message An error occurred. Any possible newlines in extended- error-message will be converted to spaces before output. status: file : conffile-prompt : 'real-old' 'real-new' useredited distedited User is being asked a conffile question. processing: stage: package Sent just before a processing stage starts. stage is one of upgrade, install (both sent before unpacking), configure, trigproc, disappear, remove, purge. --status-logger=command Send machine-readable package status and progress information to the shell command's standard input, to be run via “sh -c” (since dpkg 1.16.0). This option can be specified multiple times. The output format used is the same as in --status-fd. --log=filename Log status change updates and actions to filename, instead of the default /var/log/dpkg.log. If this option is given multiple times, the last filename is used. Log messages are of the form ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS startup type command’ for each dpkg invocation where type is archives (with a command of unpack or install) or packages (with a command of configure, triggers-only, remove or purge); ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS status state pkg installed-version’ for status change updates; ‘YYYY- MM-DD HH:MM:SS action pkg installed-version available-version’ for actions where action is one of install, upgrade, configure, trigproc, disappear, remove or purge; and ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS conffile filename decision’ for conffile changes where decision is either install or keep. --no-debsig Do not try to verify package signatures. --no-triggers Do not run any triggers in this run (since dpkg 1.14.17), but activations will still be recorded. If used with --configure package or --triggers-only package then the named package postinst will still be run even if only a triggers run is needed. Use of this option may leave packages in the improper triggers-awaited and triggers-pending states. This can be fixed later by running: dpkg --configure --pending. --triggers Cancels a previous --no-triggers (since dpkg 1.14.17). ENVIRONMENT External environment PATH This variable is expected to be defined in the environment and point to the system paths where several required programs are to be found. If it's not set or the programs are not found, dpkg will abort. HOME If set, dpkg will use it as the directory from which to read the user specific configuration file. TMPDIR If set, dpkg will use it as the directory in which to create temporary files and directories. PAGER The program dpkg will execute when displaying the conffiles. SHELL The program dpkg will execute when starting a new interactive shell. COLUMNS Sets the number of columns dpkg should use when displaying formatted text. Currently only used by -l. Internal environment DPKG_SHELL_REASON Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned on the conffile prompt to examine the situation (since dpkg 1.15.6). Current valid value: conffile-prompt. DPKG_CONFFILE_OLD Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned on the conffile prompt to examine the situation (since dpkg 1.15.6). Contains the path to the old conffile. DPKG_CONFFILE_NEW Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned on the conffile prompt to examine the situation (since dpkg 1.15.6). Contains the path to the new conffile. DPKG_HOOK_ACTION Defined by dpkg on the shell spawned when executing a hook action (since dpkg 1.15.4). Contains the current dpkg action. DPKG_RUNNING_VERSION Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the version of the currently running dpkg instance (since dpkg 1.14.17). DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the (non-arch-qualified) package name being handled (since dpkg 1.14.17). DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE_REFCOUNT Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the package reference count, i.e. the number of package instances with a state greater than not-installed (since dpkg 1.17.2). DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_ARCH Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the architecture the package got built for (since dpkg 1.15.4). DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_NAME Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to the name of the script running, one of preinst, postinst, prerm or postrm (since dpkg 1.15.7). DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_DEBUG Defined by dpkg on the maintainer script environment to a value (‘0’ or ‘1’) noting whether debugging has been requested (with the --debug option) for the maintainer scripts (since dpkg 1.18.4). FILES /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/[0-9a-zA-Z_-]* Configuration fragment files (since dpkg 1.15.4). /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg Configuration file with default options. /var/log/dpkg.log Default log file (see /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg(5) and option --log). The other files listed below are in their default directories, see option --admindir to see how to change locations of these files. /var/lib/dpkg/available List of available packages. /var/lib/dpkg/status Statuses of available packages. This file contains information about whether a package is marked for removing or not, whether it is installed or not, etc. See section INFORMATION ABOUT PACKAGES for more info. The status file is backed up daily in /var/backups. It can be useful if it's lost or corrupted due to filesystems troubles. The following files are components of a binary package. See deb(5) for more information about them: control conffiles preinst postinst prerm postrm triggers BUGS --no-act usually gives less information than might be helpful. EXAMPLES To list installed packages related to the editor vi(1) (note that dpkg-query does not load the available file anymore by default, and the dpkg-query --load-avail option should be used instead for that): dpkg -l '*vi*' To see the entries in /var/lib/dpkg/available of two packages: dpkg --print-avail elvis vim | less To search the listing of packages yourself: less /var/lib/dpkg/available To remove an installed elvis package: dpkg -r elvis To install a package, you first need to find it in an archive or CDROM. The available file shows that the vim package is in section editors: cd /media/cdrom/pool/main/v/vim dpkg -i vim_4.5-3.deb To make a local copy of the package selection states: dpkg --get-selections >myselections You might transfer this file to another computer, and after having updated the available file there with your package manager frontend of choice (see https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg/FAQ for more details), for example: apt-cache dumpavail | dpkg --merge-avail or with dpkg 1.17.6 and earlier: avail=`mktemp` apt-cache dumpavail >"$avail" dpkg --merge-avail "$avail" rm "$avail" you can install it with: dpkg --clear-selections dpkg --set-selections <myselections Note that this will not actually install or remove anything, but just set the selection state on the requested packages. You will need some other application to actually download and install the requested packages. For example, run apt-get dselect-upgrade. Ordinarily, you will find that dselect(1) provides a more convenient way to modify the package selection states. ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY Additional functionality can be gained by installing any of the following packages: apt, aptitude and debsums. SEE ALSO aptitude(1), apt(1), dselect(1), dpkg-deb(1), dpkg-query(1), deb(5), deb-control(5), dpkg.cfg(5), and dpkg-reconfigure(8). AUTHORS See /usr/share/doc/dpkg/THANKS for the list of people who have contributed to dpkg.
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